In 1929, Geolkom was reformed along with the Geological Survey on the basis of explorations in the field of the mining. 1931 witnessed the collaboration of the institutes in the exploration sector, with the Central Geological Survey Research Institute (TSNGRI). In 1939, TSNGRI was renamed as the All Geological Research Institute. In 1971, the A.P. Karpinsky All-Russian Institute of Geological Research (VSEGEI)-Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) received the country’s highest state award for its great achievements. The All-Russian Institute of Geological Research (VSEGEI), is named after academician A.P. Karpinsky.

A.P. Karpinsky All-Russian Institute of Geological Research (VSEGEI)-Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) has a number of Museums and Libraries under its supervision. Some of them are Vserossiyskaya Geological Library (VGB), the Central Geological Survey Research Museum, St Petersburg Cartographic Factory, the State Geological Enterprise, GIS Center VSEGEI and Izotopnyh Research Center (CIC).

A.P. Karpinsky All-Russian Institute of Geological Research (VSEGEI)-Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) provides various information related to geology, mineralogy , geomorphology and environmental studies. The Information resources are GIS Atlas Nedra Russia, Digital topographic base and Legal Documents.

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GIS Objectives:

1. To m aximize efficiency of decision making and planning

2. To provide efficient means for data distribution and handling

3. To eliminate redundant database-minimize duplication

4. To integrate information from many sources.

5. To generate new information via complex analysis/queries involving geographical reference data.

6. To update data quickly and cheaply.

For any application there are five generic questions a GIS can answer-

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The address of Academy of Mineral Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan is, Academy of Mineral Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan 91 Abylay Khan Av., Almaty 480091

Academy of Mineral Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan plays a major role in the development of research in the field of mineral research in Kazakhstan.

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History of Aerial Kite Photography:

The first Aerial Kite Photography was done by Frenchman Arthur Batut in late 1880s. He suspended a wooden camera on a kite and took the first Aerial Kite Photograph. Batut’s technique was explained by E. J. Roy after sixty five years. In recent times both cameras and kites are highly modified. Radio control transmitters, tilt, shutterand even digital cameras are used nowadays. Charles Benton, Simon Harbord, Harold Prinzler, Anshori Djausal are some of the famous Aerial Kite Photographers.

Equipments required in Aerial Kite Photography :

Servo Conversions: A 360° movement is required show that photographs can be taken at any direction. For tilt a servo should show 90° movement whereas for lowlands only 15° to 20° rotations will do.

Aerial Kite Photography in comparison with other aerial photos : The main difference lies in difference in colors and dimension. Dimension differs because Aerial Kite Photography is taken from a lower level view than the aerial platform.

Advantages of Aerial Kite Photography :

• The photographer can get a close view of the object whose photograph he want to take.
• Much cheaper than other forms of aerial photography because it requires simple equipments.
• Kites are good alternatives for areas where air crafts face difficulty to go.
• A longer stay is definitely an advantage of Aerial Kite Photography .
• Last but not the least, Aerial Kite Photography is most suitable and appropriate for people who have fear of heights.

Aerial Kite Photography has developed to a large extent in modern days. The Aerial Kite Photography is an important for photographers to show their creativity and is also used for mapping and animal studies.

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Equipments used in Aerial Mapping Company :

• Plane: A 1981 Cessena Turbo is used for flying in Aerial Mapping Company . Flint Aero 11 gallon tip tanks were installed by WestWind Aviation in 2003. It incresed the flight time capabilities of the plane.
• Camera: A Zeiss RMK Top six inch camera with a Gyro stabilization mount and Forward Motion Compensating Magazine is used aboard. The camera consists of Global Positioning Navigational System.
• Photo Lab: It consists of Centaur precise overhead process camera with 26x magnification capabilities, a new E-GOL Automatic Dodging Contact printer, Durst Labrador 185 enlarger, AGFAAPC-135 Rapaline 53″ Photo Processor, AGFA Gevatone G-66 Aerial film processor, miscellaneous vaccum boards, pin registration systems, complete film edit stations, alternate lenses, automated light sources and back plates.
• Scanner: The Aerial Mapping Company has Z/l Imaging PhotoScan TD (AutoScan) for doing a proficient job. The pixel resolution ranges from 7 microns to 56 microns. Aerial Mapping Company also consists of HAS Aerial film cleaner.
• Analytical Plotters: Two Zeiss P-3 optical Stereo Plotters are installed in The Aerial Mapping Company .
• Soft Copy: Two Z/l Imaging’s ImageStation SSK compalation systems are found in the Aerial Mapping Company . 3Dlab’s Wildcat4 7110 graphics accelerator, StereoGraphic’s CrystalEyes stereo glasses and emtter and Immersion’s 3D SoftMouse are the parts of the soft copy.
• Surveying: The field survey equipment of Aerial Mapping Company include Ashtech Z-Extreme GPS equipment, Nikon DTM 1, 1 second Total Station, H-P 3808A Electronic Distance Measuring Devices, 3DKM-2AE Kern One Second Theodolites, three Wild Automatic Levels, 1 parallel plate micrometre with tripods, levelling rods, prisms and targets.
• Printing and Plotting: A Esize Designjet 600 black and white plotter, an HP LaserJet 4 and 4200is used for printing and plotting in Aerial Mapping Company .

Software Applications in Aerial Mapping Company :

• Network: The network connects all the workstations in The Aerial Mapping Company . This is done for data collection, analysis of data, editing and other official works.
• Survey: TDS Survey, SMI, Star Net Plus, Star Lev, and Wild Software Packages help in field survey. PC Giant’s GRIDS, NADCON and ArcInfo is used for adjusting the data. For converting the data Blue Marble’s Geographic Calculator is used.
• GIS: A number of ArcInfo softwares are used like ARCINFO Unix floating license, ArcTIN surface modelling packages, ArcCAD etc.
• Data Collection, Edit, and Processing: AutoCAD14 and 2000, AutoCAD Map 2.0, CAD-MAP Collection and Editing Rountiens for Intergraph Microstation are aome of the important softawares used in Aerial Mapping Company .
• Digital Imagery: ImageStation Automatic Triangulation, ImageStation Automatic Elevation collection, ImageStation Stereo Display , ImageStation Data Collection are some of the digital imagery software used in The Aerial Mapping Company .

Address of Aerial Mapping Company :

Aerial Mapping Company
3141 West Clarendon Road
Phoenix, Arizona 85017
phone: (602)263-5728
fax: (602)263-0165

Aerial Mapping Company has indeed made a mark in the field of photogrammetry.

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Types of Aerial Photogrammetry : There are mainly two types of Aerial Photogrammetry.

• Analytical Photogrammetry: a stereo pair of analog films are observed and interpreted manually under a stereo plotter/stereoscopic vision.
• Digital Photogrammetry: It is very expensive and the only automated mapping technique, where aerial films are converted into digital image data, with the help of high resolution. it is very useful for the creation of 3D models like DEM etc.

Techniques of Aerial Photogrammetry:

On the basis of number of photographs three techniques can be stated though depending on the required result and material availability Aerial photogrammetric techniques may vary.

• Mapping from single photograph : it is useful for describing plane two-dimensional objects. it is again divided into –
  • paper strip method
  • optical rectification
  • numerical rectification
  • mono plotting
  • digital rectification.

   

• Stereo Photogrammetry : here a stereo pair is used under a stereo metric camera. With the help of this stereoscopic vision two photo or images are matched to get a three-dimensional view. Here a common feature or object which is present in both photo are tried to get matched to get a three dimensional view. it has three types namely –
• • analogue
  • analytical
  • digital

• Mapping from several photographs : here more than two photographs are used to get a better quality three dimensional information. Photographs of three dimensional objects are taken from several location and from various position for getting a better information of an object.

Amongst all only analytical and digital techniques are used widely for Aerial Photogrammetry purposes which are already discussed earlier.

What can we get from aerial photogrammetry (uses of Aerial Photogrammetry) ?

• Ortho-photo or rectified photographs : here we get the processed image where all distortions are removed. those distortions occur when the images are captured.
• Co-ordinates of any specific object or point : the process begins with registering some ground control points. Then the image or photo become geographically and spatially organized that one can get the ground information about any area from the photo or image.
• Topographical and thematic maps : the use of this starts with school level geography study and extends up to higher level of study including national level secrets and many other usages.

Therefore aerial photogrammetry is a process that collectively includes the ground-rectification with high precision, gathering reliable geographic information about the mapped objects and digital reconstruction of the 3d objects.

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History of Aerial Photography:

In 1858 Persian photographer and balloonist Felix Nadar took the first Aerial Photograph from a air balloon. The airplane was used first by Wilbur Wright for Aerial Photography in 1909. Aerial Photography became popular among military and was used during the first world war in 1918. In 1934, the American School of Photogrammetry was founded to study Aerial Photography . NASA launched its first Landsat Satellite in 1972.

Characteristics of Aerial Photography:

Types of Aerial Photography:

• Vertical Aerial Photography : When the lens of the camera remains vertical with the object whose photo is taken i.e. the angle formed with the object is 90°, then it is called vertical Aerial Photography .
• Oblique Aerial Photography : When the lens of the camera is not vertical with the object and the photograph s taken at an angled perspective it is called Oblique Aerial Photography . It can be dived into low and high oblique depending on the angle.

Distortions in Aerial Photography occurs due to change in the location of the photo which alters the basic nature of the photo. The main types of distortions in Aerial Photography are :

Displacement in Aerial Photography is caused by change in the altitude from where the photograph is taken. The main types of displacement in Aerial Photography include :

• Curvature of the Earth
• Tilt
• Topography and relief

Types of film used in Aerial Photography :

• Panchromatic which produces black and white images.
• Infrared which is sensitive to infrared rays along with black and white.
• Color film is the same which is used in hand-held camera.
• Camouflage detection which records vegetation in reddish tone. Blue or purple tone are also found in this type of film.

Use of Aerial Photography:

• cartography
• land-use planning and mapping
• geologic mapping
• environmental mapping
• archeology
• commercial mapping

Advantages of Aerial Photography :

• Aerial Photograph y provides an ever lasting memorializing of data and the current view of the earth surface.
• The spectral sensitivity is more encompassing than human eyes and the photo is obtained quickly.
• The spatial resolution of Aerial Photography is better than any other imagery.

Disadvantages of Aerial Photography :

• Images cannot be identified without taking stereoscopic views and overlapping photographs.
• Interpretation is difficult in poor light condition.
• To interpret a map proper training is essential.
• Only marginal data is found.

But it can be said that despite of some shortcomings, Aerial Photography is considered as an important tool for map making even today.

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Aerial Photography is the process of taking photographs of the earth’s surface from the air with the help of camera mounted on helicopter, rocket, aeroplane or any other similar vehicle.

History of Aerial Photography

Historical aerial photography refers to various stages of progress made in the field of aerial photography. The art of taking aerial view photos started with attaching cameras to kites. This was known as kite aerial photography. French photographer and balloonist, Nadar first practiced aerial photography in 1858. Fres Zinn and other aviators like him expanded the use of aerial photography for military purposes during the First World War. The French units are known to have printed as many as 10,000 photographs a night during the periods of peak activity during the war that lasted from 1918 to 1922. Since then special cameras are mounted on various airborne vehicles to take aerial photographs. Digital aerial photography refers to the use of digital camera for the purpose of taking aerial photos.

Aerial Photography Applications

In contemporary times aerial photography finds use in many fields such as cartography, environmental studies, archeological studies, town planning, urban planning and many other fields. The use of aerial photography in GIS is noteworthy. It is an excellent source to provide spatial data from the same location at periodic time intervals. The images obtained by aerial photography have radial distortion, which can be easily corrected in GIS. The applications, where typical use of the aerial photography integrated with GIS is made, include land-use surveys and habitat analysis. Aerial photography business is an upcoming profitable arena in view of the increasing commercial fields that use aerial photographs in various stages of business planning and development.

Advantages of Aerial Photography

Aerial Photography has the following advantages over ground-based observations:

Types of Aerial Photographs

Aerial Photographs are of two types:

• Black and White Aerial Photos
• Color Aerial Photos

Elements of Aerial Photography Interpretation

The basic elements of interpreting Aerial Photographs are:

• Tone (also called Hue or Color) — Tone refers to the relative brightness or color of elements on a photograph. It is the most basic of the interpretive elements because without tonal differences none of the other elements could be distinguished.
• Size — The size of objects must be considered in the context of the scale of a photograph. The scale will help you determine if an object is a stock pond or a lake.
• Shape — refers to the general outline of objects. Regular geometric shapes are usually indicators of human presence and use. Some objects can be identified almost solely on the basis of their shapes like:
  1. The Pentagon Building
  2. (American) football fields
  3. Cloverleaf highway interchanges
• Texture — The impression of “smoothness” or “roughness” of image features is caused by the frequency of change of tone in photographs. It is produced by a set of features too small to identify individually. Grass, cement, and water generally appear “smooth”, while a forest canopy may appear “rough”.
• Pattern (spatial arrangement) — The patterns formed by objects in a photo can be diagnostic. Consider the difference between (1) the random pattern formed by an unmanaged area of trees and (2) the evenly spaced rows formed by an orchard.
• Shadow — Shadows aid interpreters in determining the height of objects in aerial photographs. However, they also obscure objects lying within them.
• Site — refers to topographic or geographic location. This characteristic of photographs is especially important in identifying vegetation types and landforms.
• Association — Some objects are always found in association with other objects. The context of an object can provide insight into what it is. For instance, a nuclear power plant is not (generally) going to be found in the midst of single-family housing.

The major companies of the world, according to their continent, working in this field are enlisted below:

• North America
• South America
• Europe
• Asia
• Australia
• Africa

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History of Aeronautical Charts:

Nautical charts production & distribution was began in 1832.At the beginning the charts are made by hand on a stone or copper plate surface that was then placed in a flat press. The impressions are made laboriously by hand which are black & white in color. In 1842, C&GS first printed charts with the help of finer definition possible by the copper plate.

Aeronautical charts are produced by the Department of Commerce to promote interstate air commerce in the year 1926.For air navigation , C&Gs produced a series of maps which was also known as Strip Airway Maps. The series of maps contain 31 charts covering the main air routes of the United States . The charts mainly contains topographic & cultural features as well as aeronautical information. The aeronautical information describe airports, beacon lights, distance, direction lines & forerunner of the railway system. The chart also shows the Radio navigation facilities.

Types of Aeronautical Charts:The aeronautical charts are subdivided accordingly their usefulness into two categories-visual flight rule chart & instrumental flight rule chart.

• Visual Flight Rule Charts:The visual flight rules gives information about possible situations of obstacles, other aircraft positions, weather forecasting etc. The visual flight route chart also gives vast information about local topography & the information about elevation. The information of the present physical features represented in the chart by standardize symbols such as mountains, shorelines & rivers. Other cultural features details also provide in the chart like roads, settlements etc. The visual flight rule chart is divided according to the scale. Mainly visual flight chart have a scale of 1:1,000,000. Visual Aeronautical charts are also subdivided into three type-

• World Aeronautical Chart:It covers the largest area & have a scale of 1:1,000,000.
• Sectional Charts:The scale of this chart is 1:500,000 & it covers a few hundred square miles of area.
• Terminal Area Charts:This charts are created for large airports & it has its own scale.
• Operational Navigation Charts:These charts are provide information outside of WAC coverage.
• Instrumental Flight Rule Chart:Instrumental flight route chart explains the artificial aids to navigation under the control of an air traffic controller which is based upon flight plane. It mainly contain the information about the electronic beacons of various types but it contain less information regarding topography. The approved airports having instrumental capabilities provide detailed information about arrival, departure & taxiing.

Usefulness of Aeronautical Chart:The aeronautical charts are very much useful for navigation purpose. With the help of aeronautical charts we can control possible accidents or damages & can save many lives. Aeronautical charts are regularly updated to provide more information about navigation.

Sources of Charts:Aeronautical charts are available at fixed based operators, Internet supply sources or catalogs of aeronautical gear. Other sources like online source , also provide information about it such as Skyvector & the FAA.

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Address:

AIMIL LTD
Naimex House,
A-8, Mohan
Co-operative Industrial Estate,
Mathura Road,
New Delhi -110044 INDIA
Tel: 91-11- 30810200
Fax: 91-11-26950011
E-Mail: info@aimil.com
Web: www.aimil.com

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